The Dark Matter Mystery

 The scientific community is still discussing the origin, structure, and interactions of matter in space and time. One popular theory suggests that dark matter—a mysterious substance thought to make up most of the mass in the universe but not yet seen with our current technology—is made of elementary particles, such as neutrons, electrons, or protons.

However, there are several alternatives to this view, including theories based on particle-wave duality or particle stability. In this article, we will explore both of these approaches to explaining dark matter, examine their pros and cons, and discuss how they might help explain the nature of the unknown substance.

                       

Particle Dualism

The earliest proposed explanation for dark matter is particle dualism, which suggests that it consists of two types of fundamental particles, each with its own unique properties and interactions. For example, if one type of particle interacts with another type of particle, it may interact differently than expected, leading to unexpected results. Particle dualism has been tested to some extent using various experiments and simulations, but it remains a controversial topic in science.

In contrast, particle stability describes the way an interacting particle can behave under certain conditions. This approach views dark matter as composed of tightly bound particles called "particles" that interact directly with each other in order to form structures (such as galaxies or clusters) that cannot be observed at present.

Physicists have found particle stability to be successful at describing both gravitational wave propagation and cosmic ray acceleration, suggesting that particles are stable enough to interact with each other without forming new structures.

Despite the limitations of particle dualism and particle stability, recent research suggests that there may be more than two fundamental particles involved in dark matter.

A study published in Nature in 2017 proposes that neutrinos may interact with photons, making them unstable and potentially containing the majority of the mass in the universe.

Similarly, a paper in 2015 suggests that neutrons may interact with each other, creating the first nuclear state beyond the standard model. These two papers suggest that neutrinos and nuclei are likely to interact differently, but these results  must be confirmed through further studies.

Despite the limitations of particle dualism and particle stability, recent research suggests that there may be more than two fundamental particles involved in dark matter.

A study published in Nature in 2017 proposes that neutrinos may interact with photons, making them unstable and potentially containing the majority of the mass in the universe.

Similarly, a paper in 2015 suggests that neutrons may interact with each other, creating the first nuclear state beyond the standard model. These two papers suggest that neutrinos and nuclei are likely to interact differently, but these results must be confirmed through further studies.

Despite the uncertainties surrounding the presence and distribution of particle stability and particle dualism, the evidence suggests that dark matter is composed of particles with different characteristics and interactions. It is likely that neutrons, for instance, interact with photons differently than do protons, so it is necessary to confirm these predictions before any conclusions are drawn.

In addition to confirming particle dualism, particle stability may also provide clues to the shape and distribution of dark matter. By analyzing the behavior of neutrons and nuclei under specific conditions, physicists may be able to determine the structure and composition of the

material in the early universe.

For example, when neutrons interact with hydrogen, they may react to form heavier elements like helium or lithium, indicating that early stars were much richer in these elements than predicted by theoretical models.

Similarly, when nuclei interact, they may emit radiation, such as beta rays, which would indicate the formation of neutron stars in the early universe. If neutrons and nuclei interact differently, it could indicate that the matter in the early universe was different from what we observe today.

The existence of particle dualism and particle stability has been questioned by proponents of quantum field theory (QFT). QFT states that gravity is not a real force and predicts that matter interacts with forces at higher energies, at the level of subatomic particles, rather than at lower energies, at the level of ordinary matter. Therefore, it is difficult to reconcile particle dualism and particle stability with QFT, though it remains a promising avenue of research.

However, it is also plausible that particle dualism and particle stability may be correct, but that they only describe a portion of the matter in the universe. There may be others that interact differently than expected based on known physics, such as neutrinos, neutrons, or nuclei.

Understanding the interaction of neutrinos and nuclei may be crucial for understanding the nature and distribution of dark matter. In addition, if particle dualism and particle stability are proven incorrect, it is also possible that our understanding of dark matter is incomplete.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the debate around particle dualism and particle stability continues to generate discussions and controversies, with both sides claiming the right to contribute. The question of whether particle dualism or particle stability are correct remains open, but the possibility that multiple fundamental particles exist means that further research is needed to fully understand dark matter. Furthermore, it is also uncertain which particles interact with one another, so it is impossible to say which interaction mechanism is correct. Despite these uncertainties, however, it is clear that particle dualism and particle stability are powerful tools for exploring the nature of dark matter and providing insight into its composition.